PUTIN’S WORST ENEMY





PUTIN’S WORST ENEMY

New York     Dr. César Chelala

As fear increases in the West about Vladimir Putin’s imperial ambitions, the Russian President has to confront at home his most powerful enemy: vodka, an addiction to which has a long history in the country.

Legend holds that vodka arrived in Moscow in the 14th century, brought by Genovese merchants to Prince Dmitry Ivanovich. Legend also says that monk Isidore, who lived in the Chudov Monastery, inside the Kremlin, made a recipe for Russian vodka around 1430. He probably didn’t anticipate the devastating effect that alcohol addiction, mainly to vodka, would have on Russians’ health and quality of life and on the country’s economy and social fabric.

What explains Russians addiction to alcohol, particularly vodka? One reason is that excessive drinking has been promoted by the government at various times to increase revenues from taxes on alcohol. Marxist historians, however, contend that heavy alcohol consumption was promoted as a way to eliminate dissent, while other observers claim that alcohol is, for many, the only escape to the drabness of everyday life.

When the Bolshevik Party came to power its leaders tried -without much success- to reduce alcohol consumption in the Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin, however, reestablished state monopoly to generate revenue. Mikhail Gorbachev, in 1985, increased controls on alcohol consumption and imposed a partial prohibition through a massive anti-alcohol campaign.

The campaign, which included severe penalties against public drunkenness and alcohol consumption, as well as restrictions on liquor sales, was temporarily successful. It reduced per capita consumption and improved quality of life measures such as life expectancy and reduced hospital admissions. However, the population reacted against this policy and ultimately it had to be abandoned.  The negative consequences were felt again soon afterwards.

Periodically, reports surface on the media on the great number of people who die as a result of consuming fake vodka and other alcohol substitutes. It is estimated that more than 40,000 Russians die every year after drinking such toxic liquids which include medical disinfectants, after-shave lotions and other dangerous substances.

Today, the average Russian drinks 4 gallons (15 liters) of alcohol a year, mostly as vodka and other black market moonshine called samogon. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), this consumption is far above what is considered safe to drink, and higher also than in any other nation in the world. The government wants to reduce present consumption to 8 liters by 2020, the WHO accepted consumption level.

Russia has now one of the highest rates of alcohol-related illness, which on a long term include neurological, cardiovascular, psychiatric and liver problems, among many others. In the short term, however, and generally as a result of binge drinking, it provokes several kinds of injuries as a result of violence, risky sexual behavior (including unprotected sex,) alcohol poisoning, and miscarriage and stillbirth in pregnant women.

The connection between excessive drinking and interpersonal violence cannot be overstated. However, due to social tolerance of violent behavior and incomplete or inaccurate information, official statistics only record a small percentage of violent acts. Some of those acts, however, are worrying. For example, among male perpetrators of spousal homicide, 60-75% of offenders had been drinking heavily prior to the incident.

Among young men, the risk of suicide is five times higher for heavy drinkers and nine times higher for alcoholics. Although men drink more than women, excessive alcohol consumption during pregnancy can result in the child developing fetal alcohol syndrome or show fetal alcohol effects which are associated with delinquent and violent behavior later in life.

Russians poor health status has translated in a short life expectancy. According to a United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) Population Division, life expectancy for males in Russia is 61.56 and for females it is 74.03. These figures are 17 years lower than in the western European population. By contrast, these figures in Japan are 79.29 and 86.96 respectively.

In June of 2009, the Public Chamber of Russia estimated in 500,000 the number of alcohol-related deaths annually in the country. This figure highlights a very serious situation, particularly taking into consideration that the country is going through a severe demographic crisis. It is estimated that its population will drop by 20 percent by 2050. In addition, the economic costs of alcohol abuse can be considerable. According to Harvard scholar Boris Segal, economic losses from alcoholism were one third of the country’s GNP in 2012.

Both punitive measures and increase in alcohol taxes are of limited effect. What the government needs now is a mass communication/education campaign mainly addressed to the younger sectors of the population. Unless more effective measures are taken soon, Vladimir Putin’s dreams of a greater Russia will not be realized.

Dr. César Chelala is an international public health consultant and a winner of an Overseas Press Club of America award.


 














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